Introduction

The majestic Mastiff is one of the oldest and most distinguished dog breeds, steeped in a rich and fascinating history.

Often called the Old English Mastiff, this impressive breed traces its origins back to Britain during the Roman invasion of 55–54 BCE. However, evidence unearthed by canine historians suggests that Mastiff-like dogs roamed as far back as 2500 BCE. Throughout centuries in Europe, these formidable dogs served as skilled hunters and fearless guardians, eventually journeying across the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower to North America.

Today, the Mastiff remains a beloved giant among canines. Adult males often stand 30 inches tall or more, with a general height starting at 27.5 inches. They sport a dense, powerful physique, tipping the scales anywhere from 120 to over 230 pounds, showcasing a solid and muscular frame that commands respect.

The breed’s traditional role as the vigilant protector has endured through ages. Mastiffs retain their deep loyalty and watchful nature, always standing guard over their families. Coupled with a patient and affectionate disposition, Mastiffs make extraordinary and devoted companions.

However, welcoming a giant breed like the Mastiff into your home is a serious responsibility. Early socialization and consistent training are crucial to nurturing a well-behaved and balanced Mastiff.

Caring for a Mastiff

Despite their formidable presence, Mastiffs have wide, wrinkled faces adorned with gentle, loving expressions that endear them to their owners.

While they often embrace a laid-back, couch-loving lifestyle at home, Mastiffs are alert and ready to spring into action whenever a stranger approaches. This protective instinct makes early puppy socialization vital so they can learn to greet new faces without undue suspicion.

Their short, dense coat sheds moderately and requires minimal grooming. However, Mastiffs are famously heavy droolers, so keeping a small towel handy for quick wipe-downs is a must for any pet parent.

Mastiff Health Issues

As a giant breed, Mastiffs generally have shorter lifespans compared to smaller dogs, averaging between 6 and 10 years.

Reputable breeders carefully screen for health problems that commonly affect the breed, ensuring healthier puppies. Pet parents may want to consider pet insurance to help manage potential health care costs associated with this large breed.

Allergies

Like humans, dogs can suffer from seasonal allergies triggered by environmental factors including pollen, dust, mold, and flea bites. These allergies typically cause itchy skin or ear infections but may also lead to watery, red eyes, sneezing, or nasal discharge.

Diagnosis often relies on clinical signs, physical examinations, and responses to treatments. In severe cases, a veterinary dermatologist may perform allergy testing to tailor a specialized treatment plan.

Eye Conditions

Mastiffs are prone to several eye disorders such as:

• Ectropion: Eyelids rolling outward, exposing the inner eyelid to irritation.
• Entropion: Eyelids rolling inward, causing lashes to rub against the eye.
• Cataracts: Clouding of the eye lens, which can impair vision.
• Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): A genetic disease leading to progressive vision loss.

Most eyelid disorders and cataracts can be effectively treated with surgery. However, PRA has no cure, though it can be identified early through genetic testing.

Cancer

Mastiffs have a predisposition to certain types of cancer, including:

• Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)
• Lymphoma
• Hemangiosarcoma
• Mast cell tumors

Cancer symptoms may range from limping and lameness to skin lumps. Prompt veterinary evaluation is essential if your Mastiff shows unusual behaviors or growths.

Hip Dysplasia

Hip dysplasia occurs when the bones forming the hip joint don’t align properly, causing painful grinding and eventual joint deterioration leading to osteoarthritis.

This condition can be inherited in Mastiffs but may also be influenced by factors like exercise, body weight, and diet.

X-rays are used to diagnose hip dysplasia, and treatment depends on the severity of the joint damage.

Degenerative Myelopathy

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurological disease that weakens the hind legs and eventually leads to paralysis. Though its cause isn’t fully understood, a genetic mutation appears linked to increased risk.

Symptoms usually begin in middle-aged dogs, including hind limb weakness, swaying while standing, stumbling, or “knuckling” over the toes. As DM advances, dogs lose the ability to stand or walk using their back legs.

While no cures currently exist, regular exercise and physical therapy can help maintain muscle strength and quality of life.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy refers to repeated seizures without an identifiable cause. Seizures vary widely—from small localized twitching to full-body convulsions. Mastiff owners should watch for signs such as:

• Sudden stiffening and collapse with shaking and vocal noise
• Limb paddling motions
• Loss of bladder and bowel control
• Excessive drooling
• Vomiting

Seizures last from seconds to minutes, often leaving dogs confused or disoriented afterward. Lifelong medication usually manages epilepsy effectively, allowing most affected dogs to enjoy a normal life.

Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus

Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV), or bloat, is a dangerous condition common in deep-chested breeds like Mastiffs.

It occurs when the stomach fills with gas and food, expands dramatically, and twists, cutting off blood flow. This life-threatening emergency requires immediate veterinary attention.

Prophylactic gastropexy surgery, often performed during spaying or neutering, can greatly reduce GDV risk.

Immediate veterinary care should be sought if your Mastiff shows signs like:

• A swollen, distended abdomen
• Retching without vomiting
• Signs of abdominal pain such as stretching or drooling
• Sudden collapse

What To Feed a Mastiff

Choosing the ideal diet for your Mastiff depends on their unique needs and health status. Collaborate with your veterinarian to select a food tailored to your dog’s age, weight, and medical history.

Generally, Mastiffs thrive on high-quality dog food that:

• Meets the standards set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
• Is specifically formulated for large breed dogs
• Matches your dog’s life stage—puppy, adult, or senior

Puppies benefit from large-breed puppy formulas and should transition to adult food between 18 and 24 months old.

How To Feed a Mastiff

Due to their deep-chested anatomy and risk of GDV, feeding practices are crucial:

• Provide two to three smaller meals daily instead of one large meal.
• Avoid vigorous exercise one hour before and after meals.
• Do not use elevated food bowls.
• Consider slow-feeder bowls to slow their eating pace.

How Much Should You Feed a Mastiff?

Feeding quantities vary significantly by individual Mastiff size, age, and activity level. Because of their huge size, Mastiffs require substantial portions, so plan accordingly and seek veterinary guidance for precise dietary amounts.

Nutritional Tips for Mastiffs

For Mastiffs prone to joint issues like hip dysplasia, joint supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin can support healthy cartilage.

Omega-3 fatty acids also promote joint health and contribute to a shiny coat and healthy skin.

Always consult your veterinarian before starting any supplements.

Mastiff Personality and Temperament

At home, Mastiffs are generally calm, composed, and patient. However, their protective instincts ignite instantly when faced with perceived threats—even something as ordinary as the mail carrier’s arrival.

Their gentle nature makes them excellent companions for families with children who understand respectful dog interaction. However, because of their size, Mastiffs may be better suited for homes without very young children who could be unintentionally knocked over.

Overall, these gentle giants typically get along well with other pets, especially when socialized early as puppies.

Mastiff Behavior

Guardians by nature, Mastiffs can be reserved or wary of strangers. Early socialization is essential to help them distinguish between normal visitors and real threats.

They are not known for excessive barking but will alert their families when needed. Familiar humans and pets usually receive their affectionate and mellow side.

Mastiff Training

Mastiffs are intelligent and eager to please, quickly responding to positive reinforcement. Keep training sessions engaging but brief to maintain their focus.

If needed, professional dog trainers can provide valuable guidance to establish good behavior early on.

Fun Activities for Mastiffs

• Cart pulling
• Leisurely neighborhood strolls
• Obedience training
• Tracking exercises
• Scent work (nose games)
• Relaxing on the couch

Mastiff Grooming Guide

Mastiffs have a short, dense coat that demands minimal upkeep, but managing their constant drooling is a daily task.

Having a cloth nearby to wipe their jowls and any stray drool from furniture or floors is indispensable for maintaining a clean home.

Skin Care

Those signature facial folds require daily attention. Moisture and debris trapped in folds can lead to skin infections, so wiping them clean with a pet-safe facial wipe or a damp cloth every day is essential.

Coat Care

During moderate shedding periods, weekly brushing with a grooming mitt or bristle brush keeps shedding manageable.

Bathing is needed only every few months unless your Mastiff gets particularly dirty.

Heavy shedding phases may occur one or two times yearly, requiring more frequent brushing.

Eye Care

Because Mastiffs are vulnerable to various eye conditions, keen observation is critical. Regular wiping can help prevent tear staining and reduce infection risk.

Contact your vet promptly if you notice any changes such as redness, discharge, or cloudiness.

Ear Care

Routine ear cleaning with a veterinary-approved cleanser protects against infections, especially after baths or swimming sessions.

Considerations for Pet Parents

Mastiffs’ laid-back, affectionate nature makes them heartwarming companions. Early socialization is crucial to temper the protective instincts bred into these dogs over thousands of years.

When well-trained and socialized, Mastiffs are gentle giants who coexist peacefully with children and other pets. However, their massive size can unintentionally overwhelm small children and animals, so supervision is always recommended.

Before committing to a Mastiff puppy, consider your living space and financial capacity. These large dogs need ample room to move comfortably—tight apartments may pose challenges. Their considerable dietary needs also represent a significant ongoing expense.

How long do Mastiffs live?

Mastiffs typically live between 6 and 10 years.

How much do Mastiffs weigh?

Female Mastiffs usually weigh 120–170 pounds, while males often exceed 200 pounds. The Mastiff Club of America notes the largest Mastiff recorded was a male named Zorba, tipping the scales at an astounding 343 pounds.

Are Mastiffs good family dogs?

Absolutely. Their calm temperament suits families with children who know how to interact respectfully with pets. However, due to their size, they may be better in homes without toddlers or babies. Supervision is essential during all interactions.

Which is bigger, a Mastiff or a Bullmastiff?

Although closely related, Bullmastiffs are a separate breed created by crossing Mastiffs with Bulldogs. Bullmastiffs are generally smaller, weighing between 100 and 130 pounds, whereas Mastiffs can weigh from 120 up to 230 pounds or more.