Introduction
Australian Shepherds are remarkably intelligent and energetic medium-sized dogs, known for their natural herding instincts and sturdy, agile build. Originally bred as hardworking companions on ranches and farms, these dogs still carry a relentless drive to complete tasks and bring joy to their owners.
Standing between 18 and 24 inches at the shoulder, adult Australian Shepherds typically weigh between 40 and 65 pounds, with males generally larger and more robust than females.
Their tails can be naturally short (bobbed) or full-length; however, most Aussie puppies undergo tail docking early on—a practice that remains controversial. While docking aims to reduce tail injuries in working dogs, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) discourages docking when done solely for aesthetic reasons.
Caring for an Australian Shepherd
Australian Shepherds thrive on activity and purpose, needing plenty of physical and mental stimulation to stay happy. Intelligent and fiercely loyal, these dogs are usually friendly but may take time to warm up to new faces.
Thanks to their herding heritage, Aussies often have a strong prey drive and love interactive games like fetch and Frisbee. However, their instinct to chase can extend to moving things such as children, cats, cars, and wheeled items like scooters, bikes, or golf carts. Early socialization is key to helping them coexist peacefully with other pets, kids, and strangers.
Given their energetic lifestyle and athleticism, owners must pay close attention to their Australian Shepherd’s joint and hip health to ensure they maintain mobility and comfort throughout their lives.
Hip and Elbow Dysplasia
Hip and elbow dysplasia are inherited joint disorders that occasionally affect Australian Shepherds.
These conditions occur when the joints don’t develop properly, leading to poor alignment that can cause pain and osteoarthritis over time. Responsible breeders screen their dogs using certified evaluations to minimize passing these conditions to puppies.
When selecting an Australian Shepherd puppy, confirm that the parents have undergone Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) or PennHIP screenings. If adopting an older dog or if parental records aren’t available, consider screening your Aussie to understand any future joint health risks.
Dogs affected by dysplasia require tailored care, which varies by severity. Treatment options include medications, joint supplements, physical therapies, and, in some cases, surgeries that improve joint function and reduce discomfort.
Progressive Retinal Atrophy
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) describes a group of inherited degenerative eye diseases affecting the retina’s photoreceptors. These cells help dogs see in low light, detect movement, and perceive color. As the cells deteriorate, vision progressively worsens, eventually leading to irreversible blindness.
PRA symptoms typically begin between 3 and 9 years of age, although an early-onset form may appear in puppies within their first few months.
Since PRA is genetic, dogs diagnosed with it should not be bred.
While not painful, PRA currently has no cure or effective treatment. Early signs include night blindness and increased clumsiness. Fortunately, dogs often adapt well, relying on their other senses and continuing to enjoy life.
Hereditary Cataracts
Hereditary cataracts, which can be passed from parent to puppy, typically develop in dogs between 1 and 5 years old.
A cataract causes cloudiness in the eye’s lens, blocking light and reducing vision clarity. Left untreated, cataracts can progress to blindness or glaucoma.
Surgery is the only effective treatment option, and your veterinarian can refer you to a veterinary ophthalmologist for a thorough evaluation and surgical consultation.
Generally healthy, Australian Shepherds live on average 12–15 years, although the breed is predisposed to some health concerns.
Iris Coloboma
Iris coloboma is a congenital eye defect more commonly seen in Australian Shepherds. It occurs when the iris—the colored ring around the pupil—doesn’t develop fully.
This may result in:
- An abnormally small iris (usually no major issues)
- An abnormally large iris, causing sensitivity to light or mild discomfort
Though light sensitivity rarely affects quality of life, it may impact your dog’s comfort. Protective dog goggles can act like sunglasses to reduce this sensitivity, and keeping severely affected dogs out of direct sunlight helps prevent further eye stress.
As an inherited condition, breeding pairs should receive veterinary ophthalmologist certification confirming normal eyes, with records filed via the Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF) annually.
Puppies should have their eyes checked by a veterinary ophthalmologist after six weeks of age. Unfortunately, no treatment currently exists for this condition.
Epilepsy
Primary epilepsy is an inherited seizure disorder observed in Australian Shepherds, caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Although no genetic tests exist to identify carriers, dogs with epilepsy may require lifelong management with daily anti-seizure medications, depending on seizure frequency and severity.
Multidrug Resistance Mutation (MDR1)
The MDR1 gene mutation affects many herding breeds, including Australian Shepherds.
Dogs with this mutation process certain medications differently, making them highly sensitive to common treatments for fleas, ticks, heartworm, diarrhea, and cancer. Normal doses of these drugs can cause severe side effects or toxicity.
A simple DNA test can detect the MDR1 mutation. Consult your veterinarian about testing and safe alternative medications to avoid adverse reactions.
Deafness
Coat color genetics can influence hearing in Australian Shepherds. Dogs born from two merle-colored parents—particularly those with a double-merle gene—often exhibit increased white markings, especially on the head or ears, which raises the risk of deafness.
A BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) test can diagnose hearing loss.
Lymphosarcoma
Lymphosarcoma is a type of cancer somewhat more frequent in Australian Shepherds. It develops when abnormal lymphocytes (white blood cells) multiply uncontrollably.
Commonly presenting as swollen lymph nodes, lymphosarcoma can affect any organ. Fortunately, it is one of the more treatable dog cancers, with many responding well to chemotherapy.
Hemangiosarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma is an aggressive cancer that occurs more often in Australian Shepherds. It generally manifests as bleeding tumors inside the abdomen, commonly involving the spleen or liver, and can lead to:
- Sudden weakness and fatigue
- Collapse
- Pale gums
Emergency surgery is often needed to control bleeding and confirm diagnosis. Despite treatment, prognosis remains poor, with average survival times of six to nine months even with surgery and chemotherapy.
What To Feed an Australian Shepherd
Australian Shepherds thrive on a well-balanced, high-quality diet that meets the standards of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). Fresh water should always be readily accessible.
Working Aussies or dogs with intense activity levels—such as search and rescue, herding, or athletic sports—may benefit from diets higher in protein and fat. Performance or sport formulas tailored to active dogs should be considered under veterinary guidance.
How To Feed an Australian Shepherd
Standard feeding in a regular dog bowl is suitable. Meal feeding, rather than free feeding, allows you to monitor appetite and control portions effectively.
Some Aussies are highly food motivated and prone to gulping their meals too quickly. For these dogs, slow feeder bowls can help prevent gastrointestinal issues by encouraging slower, more mindful eating.
How Much To Feed an Australian Shepherd
Feeding amounts vary based on your dog's age, body condition, activity level, and the food formula used.
Puppies should eat puppy-specific diets until maturity or spaying/neutering, usually between 12 and 16 months. Feeding three to four meals daily on a consistent schedule supports healthy growth.
Adult Australian Shepherds should transition gradually to adult or performance diets, according to their activity demands. Because some Aussies can gain weight as they age, regular check-ins with your vet will ensure optimal nutrition. Your vet may also evaluate for conditions that can cause weight gain, such as hypothyroidism or Cushing’s disease.
Nutritional Tips for an Australian Shepherd
Active Australian Shepherds are prone to developing osteoarthritis later in life. Joint supplements, recommended by your veterinarian, might support mobility.
Given their predisposition to eye conditions, supplements promoting ocular health could be beneficial as well. Always consult your vet before introducing any supplements.
Australian Shepherd Personality and Temperament
Australian Shepherds are devoted, clever dogs with distinct personalities. While many are outgoing and warm, some may be reserved with strangers but typically grow friendly after proper introductions.
Early socialization is essential for a well-rounded Aussie. With the right exposure, they get along well with children, cats, and other dogs. But remember, their innate herding instincts may lead them to try “herding” small pets or kids unless trained otherwise.
Aussies are energetic and love purpose-driven activities. Though generally friendly, they might need a bit of time to warm up to new people.
These dogs maintain high energy levels throughout their lives, so daily exercise and mental challenges are crucial. Without sufficient outlets, Australian Shepherds can develop destructive behaviors like digging or chewing.
Australian Shepherd Behavior
With consistent training, abundant socialization, and plenty of exercise, Australian Shepherds become well-mannered companions. Their loyalty often leads them to follow their owners from room to room, seeking company.
However, strong attachments can sometimes lead to separation anxiety. Working with a skilled trainer can help cultivate healthy independence.
Given their agility and speed, Aussies should remain leashed or confined to a secure yard without exception. They are notorious escape artists and may chase squirrels, cars, or other tempting objects if unsupervised.
Australian Shepherd Training
Highly intelligent and eager to learn, Australian Shepherds respond exceptionally well to positive reinforcement.
Avoid intense exercise or long-distance running during puppyhood until they are fully grown (usually 12–16 months) to protect their developing joints.
Fun Activities for Australian Shepherds
- Agility courses
- Field trials
- Herding competitions
- Flyball
- Advanced obedience
- Hiking adventures
- Fetch games
- Extended walks
Australian Shepherd Grooming Guide
Australian Shepherds sport a double-layered, water-resistant coat in a variety of stunning colors and patterns, including blue merle, red merle, black, and red. Their expressive eyes can be brown or blue.
Thanks to their medium-length fur, regular weekly grooming is essential. Active outdoor lifestyles often mean more frequent brushing and bathing.
Skin Care
Weekly brushing keeps your Aussie’s coat free of mats and tangles, which can otherwise cause irritation and skin infections.
Coat Care
Outdoor play means dirt and mud are inevitable, so regular baths are often necessary. Brushing also reduces shedding and maintains a healthy coat.
Avoid shaving an Australian Shepherd’s coat because their double coat provides vital insulation against heat and cold by trapping air close to the skin.
Eye Care
Routine eye checks help monitor changes or unusual discharge. Given their predisposition to eye problems, consult your vet promptly if you notice anything abnormal.
Ear Care
Longer fur and frequent bathing increase the risk of ear infections, so clean and inspect your Australian Shepherd’s ears regularly.
Proper cleaning helps prevent infections and removes dirt or debris. After baths, thoroughly dry ears to avoid moisture buildup.
Nail Care
Trim nails routinely to avoid overgrowth. If you hear nails clicking on hard floors, it’s time for a trim.
Dental Care
Daily tooth brushing prevents dental disease that can lead to decay, tooth loss, or problems in other organs. Dental chews are helpful but don’t replace brushing.
Use only dog-specific toothpaste—never human toothpaste.
Considerations for Pet Parents
Australian Shepherds possess unflagging energy requiring consistent, daily physical and mental exercise for their entire lives. Owners must be prepared to dedicate ample time and attention, or risk behavioral issues caused by pent-up energy.
Training and early socialization are critical to their healthy development. They excel in advanced training and dog sports, so prospective owners should be ready to invest both time and resources in ongoing training and enrichment.
How long do Australian Shepherds live?
Australian Shepherds typically live between 12 and 15 years.
Do Australian Shepherds shed?
They shed year-round, with heavier shedding occurring during spring and fall.
How big do Australian Shepherds get?
Australian Shepherds are medium-sized, standing 18 to 24 inches tall and weighing between 40 and 65 pounds.
There is also a Miniature American Shepherd breed, which resembles a smaller Aussie, maxing out at 18 inches tall and 20 to 40 pounds in weight.
What’s the difference between a Border Collie and an Australian Shepherd?
Both breeds are energetic herding dogs with similar appearances. Border Collies are usually leaner (30–55 pounds) and originate from Scotland, while Australian Shepherds are a U.S. breed.
Is an Australian Shepherd a good family dog?
Yes, Australian Shepherds make wonderful family dogs, provided they are properly socialized with children to prevent herding behaviors.
Are Australian Shepherds smart dogs?
Extremely smart and quick learners, Australian Shepherds are highly trainable but also resourceful escape artists who need mental challenges to stay content.
How much do Australian Shepherds cost?
Prices vary based on breeder, location, lineage, and coat patterns but generally range from $500 to $2,000.
